Effects of dietary myrcene administration on antioxidant gene responses in common carp (Cyprinus carpio), exposed to copper sulphate

In the present study, common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were fed with diet supplemented with 0% (M0) or 0.5% (M0.5) myrcene for 6 week and exposed to ambient copper (0.2 mg/L) for further 2 weeks. Gene expressions of superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase (cat), glutathione peroxidase (gpx), glutathione reductase (gr) and glutathione S‐transferase (gst) were assayed in the fish brain and kidney, and thiobarbituric reactive substance (TBARS) levels were determined in blood plasma. The results showed that there was no significant difference in TBARS levels between the M0 and M0.5 treatments, before the copper exposure; however, the M0 had significantly higher TBARS levels compared to the M0.5, after the copper exposure. The antioxidant genes showed different patterns in the fish brain and kidney. The genes were up‐regulated in the fish brain by dietary myrcene and copper exposure. However, in the fish kidney, the M0.5 treatment showed no change in sod, cat, gpx before and after the copper exposure. The results suggest that myrcene is capable to induce antioxidant enzymes that prepare the fish for a further oxidative condition (i.e. copper exposure). Dietary myrcene at 0.5% level is suggested for common carp before treatment with copper sulphate.     

Estimation of endogenous energy and nitrogen losses in the cockerel during fasting and postprandial

1. The endogenous energy (EEL) and nitrogen losses of adult cockerels were studied during both when the animals were starved and when they were fed on a highly digestible nitrogen-free diet. The birds were fed three intakes by intubation and the effects of these intakes were compared. 2. During the 48-h study, the excretion of energy (EEL) was found to be 49.4 kJ, when the birds were given food. When starved this estimate was considerably higher, 70.3 kJ. 3. When endogenous energy per 48 h was corrected to zero nitrogen balance (EEL0), the value of starved animals of 30.1 kJ was still considerably higher than the 13.4 kJ for fed birds. 4. It was concluded that feeding a nitrogen free, highly digestible diet reduces the excretion of endogenous energy. Thus determinations from starved birds appear to give biased estimates of EEL and EEL0. Hence, true metabolisable energy values would also be overestimated where endogenous energy values from starved birds were used.     

Molecular prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in milk in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Tropical Animal Health and Production - Q fever is a major zoonotic disease in the world. The aim of this meta-analysis was to estimate the prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in animal milk in Iran....     

Computer-controlled milk replacer feeding strategies for group-reared dairy calves

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of ad libitum and restricted computer-controlled milk replacer (MR) feeding strategies on performance of group-reared dairy calves during preweaning (from 0.5 to 2.0 months of age), weaning (2.0 to 2.5) and postweaning (2.5 to 6.0) periods. Two feeding trials comprised a total of 34 Finnish Ayrshire and 6 Holstein–Friesian bull calves. The calves were randomly (balanced for breed) allotted to pens (5 calves/pen) which were thereafter randomly allotted to two experimental treatments: 1) ad libitum MR feeding (F) with ad libitum access to MR and 2) restricted MR feeding (R) where the calves were given 6.0 L of MR daily. All the calves had free access to water, commercial starter and grass silage before weaning. The weaned calves had free access to water and silage and were given 3 kg/day (air-dry basis) of a concentrate mixture. Due to increased metabolizable energy intake (16.4 vs. 12.7 MJ/day; P < 0.05), the daily gain of the F calves was higher (690 vs. 543 g/day; P < 0.05) than that of the R calves during the preweaning period. Due to the more rapid increase in concentrate intake of the R calves during the weaning period the R calves grew better than the F calves (482 vs. 1038 g/day; P < 0.01) and the differences in live weight evened out during the weaning period. During the postweaning period there were no treatment differences in feed intake or gain. The average gain during the whole study was not affected by either of the treatments. Ad libitum feeding increased the variation in the MR intake and gain compared to restricted feeding.     

Dietary sour lemon (Citrus limon) peel essential oil supplementation for reduction of deltamethrin‐induced stress in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary effects of using essential oil from sour lemon peel (Citrus limon) on growth performance, carcass composition, blood and serum parameters, and liver enzymes of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to deltamethrin (DMN) pesticide. Treatments with no lemon peel essential oil (LPEO) and without DMN (control), as well as four treatments with 10% of 96‐h lethal concentration of DMN were prepared with dietary supplementation of LPEO (zero, 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg). Trout juveniles (95.12 ± 0.53 g) were randomly allocated to the treatments (each with three replicates). The results showed that dietary LPEO inclusion improved fish growth parameters in the DMN‐containing treatments. The highest fat content was found in zero LPEO treatment with no DMN while it was lowest in DMN treatments containing 400 and 600 mg/kg of LPEO. Carcass protein content was the highest in DMN treatment with 400 mg/kg of LPEO. Blood and serum biochemical parameters showed statistical differences between no LPEO treatment with DMN exposure and those detected in the control fish (p < .05). Overall, the results indicate that dietary inclusion of LPEO at 400 mg/kg level can decrease some negative effects of DMN exposure.     

Diversity of soil cellulase isoenzymes is associated with soil cellulase kinetic and thermodynamic parameters

This study was conducted to determine how land management in three ecosystems including forest, rangeland, and saline desert soils affects the activity and diversity of isoenzymes, and the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of soil cellulase. Cellulase was chosen because it hydrolyzes cellulose, a major plant substance entering the soils. Soil samples were collected in October 2009 from a native forest, a native rangeland, and a native saline desert as well as adjacent cultivated fields in central Iran. Land use changes of the native forest, rangeland, and saline desert soils resulted in 79%, 47%, and 73% reductions in cellulase activity, respectively. The Michaelis constant (K_m) increased but the maximum catalytic velocity (V_max) decreased for soil cellulase as a result of cultivation in the study areas. The thermodynamic parameters (E_a and Q₁₀) of soil cellulase were also affected by cultivation. Higher E_a and Q₁₀ values were obtained for the native soils, but the lower values belonged to the cultivated soils. The cellulase zymographic pattern revealed different cellulase isoenzymes in the soils. The prevailing cellulase isoenzymes in the soils were found to have molecular weights of 62 and 74 kDa in the native forest, 86 kDa in the cultivated forest, 55 and 65 kDa in the native rangeland, and 72 kDa in the reclaimed saline areas. Evidence reveals that the sensitivity of soil cellulase kinetic and thermodynamic parameters to land management seems to be due to differences in the cellulase isoenzymes present in soils.     

Metabolomics-Based Study of Logarithmic and Stationary Phases of Promastigotes in Leishmania major by 1H NMR Spectroscopy

Background:

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is one of the most important parasitic diseases in humans. In this disease, one of the responsible organisms is Leishmania major, which is transmitted by sandfly vector. There are specific differences in biochemical profiles and metabolite pathways in logarithmic and stationary phases of Leishmania parasites. In the present study, ¹H NMR spectroscopy was used to examine the metabolites outliers in the logarithmic and stationary phases of promastigotes in L. major to enlighten more about the transmission mechanism in metacyclogenesis of L. major.

Methods:

Promastigote was cultured, logarithmic and stationary phases were separated by the peanut agglutinin, and cell metabolites were extracted. ¹H NMR spectroscopy was applied, and outliers were analyzed using principal component analysis.

Results:

The most altered metabolites in stationary and logarithmic phases were limited to citraconic acid, isopropylmalic acid, L-leucine, ornithine, caprylic acid, capric acid, and acetic acid.

Conclusion:

¹H NMR spectroscopy could play an important role in the characterization of metabolites in biochemical pathways during a metacyclogenesis process. These metabolites and their pathways can help in exploiting a transmission mechanism in metacyclogenesis, and outcoming data might be used in the metabolic network reconstruction of L. major modeling. Key Words: Leishmania major, Metabolomics, Principal component analysis